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AROUND 
THEVORLD 

IN EIGHT/ 
MINUTES 




ttmw ALTEMU5 
PHILADELPHIA 







J 



AROUND THE WORLD 



EIGHTY MINUTES 

Photographic Reproductions of the Most Magnificent Edifices, 

the Most Interesting Remains and the Most Beautiful 

Scenes on the Earth's Surface 

WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT 
BY 

WM. S. V WALSH 



PHILADELPHIA 

HENRY ALTEMUS 







Copyrighted, 1894, by Henry Altemus 

Altkmus' Bookbinderv, Philadelphia 



c 



INTRODUCTION. 

TRAVEL is the greatest of educators, the greatest of civilizers. To come 
ill contact with men and manners different from those to which we have 
been accustomed by birth is to broaden the mind ; to teach it forbear- 
ance, sympathy, wisdom ; to rob it of its philistinism ; to make it cosmopolitan 
and not provincial. To come face to face with the great monuments of the 
past and of the present, to see what man has done and is doing, is to get a new 
idea of the vastness, the imaginative strength, the creative power of the human 
mind, to renew your respect for your kind and for yourself, because you be- 
long to that kind. It may teach you your own littleness, indeed, in itself a 
useful lesson. But it also teaches you the greatness of that aggregate of little 
individuals to which we give the generic name of man. And to learn this 
lesson of reverence for man is to kin yourself with what is best and holiest 
in man. 

3 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

Horse-power, sails, steam, electricity are all at your bidding to-day, ready 
iharnessed to transport you where you will. If you wish to travel, the world 
is yours to command. Fictitious heroes have circled it in eighty days ; real 
imen and women have accomplished the feat in less time. A little leisure and 
a little money will enable you to do what a century or so ago would have been 
impossible to the greatest potentate on earth, with twenty-four hours of leisure 
every day, and the wealth of Indies at his beck and call. 

But if you have not the little leisure, if you have not the little money, you 
■can travel without them. You can travel without passing out of your room, 
without quitting your chair. The resources of modern science are inexhaust- 
ible. Mahomet, though a prophet, had to go to the mountain because the 
mountain would not come to him. But you need not go to the mountain ; 
modern science will make it come to you. You have but to say the word. 

Here, in this book, for example, are one hundred photographs of one hun- 
dred of the most famous sights, scenes and monuments in the whole world. 
To see these sights, these scenes, these monuments, is to attain a liberal educa- 
tion. Now what is seeing? Seeing, the philosopher will tell you, is to have 
certain waves of light strike your eye and create an impression on your retina 
■of the objects that are in front of you. The retina, in other words, is nothing 
but a natural camera obscura. And what is a photograph ? A photograph 
is a modern invention whereby, by means of an artificial camera obscura, the 
sun, the author of all light, is cunningly induced to bind upon par>p> - forever 



INTRODUCTION. & 

the impression made by the actual waves of light set in motion by certain 
objects. Remember it is not a picture of that object formed by some indi- 
vidual man and blurred by the personality of the individual who made it. It 
is the actual sight, the actual scene, the actual monument, or what not, just as 
it would have met your natural retina if you had been there, and simply 
reflected from the artificial retina into your natural one. The sun is the true 
realist — faithful, literal, exact. Would we not cheerfully exchange Giotto's 
portrait of Dante for a photograph by Sarony, had Sarony and his camera 
existed in Dante's day ; or Wagner's Chariot Race for an instantaneous pho- 
tograph of the great Colosseum, with its surging crowds of humanity ? The 
men and women in Wagner's masterpiece are vivid and life-like ; as types 
they are faithful and exact, but the instantaneous photograph would give you 
the very outer form and semblance, the body and almost the soul, of indi- 
viduals who had once lived, who are now once again living before you. Sav- 
ages are said to shrink from being photographed, deeming that a part of 
themselves passes into the picture, and the superstitions of savages are meta- 
phors in which civilized men read a poetical hint of the truth. 

Here, then, are one hundred of the greatest of human monuments and the 
most magnificent of earthly scenes brought into your very presence by the 
witchery of modern science. The selection has been made with the greatest 
care so as to be truly representative of all ages, people and climes. Each 
photograph is accompanied by a pains-taking and accurate description which. 



b INTRODUCTION. 

briefly but succinctly sums up the information that the reader needs for his 
guidance. Here, therefore, is a trip round the world with the services of a 
guide thrown in, and that trip can be accomplished pleasantly and without 
fatigue at an expense which is too ridiculously small to mention. 

Well may the modern laugh at Mahomet and his mountain, and snap his 
fingers at Phineas Fogg and Nelly Bly. Eighty days quotha ! Seventy ? 
Sixty ? Nay, eighty minutes will suffice. 



CONTENTS. 

page- 

The Statue of Liberty , 12 

The Tower of London 14 

Westminster Abbey 16 

St. Paul's Cathedral 18 

Houses of Parliament, London 20 

Bank of England, London 22 

Mansion House, London 24 

London Bridge 26 

Trafalgar Square, London 28 

Thames Embankment, London 30 

Kenilworth Castle, England . 32 

Warwick Castle, England 34 

Windsor Castle, England 36 

Shakespeare's House 38 

Osborne House, Isle of Wight 40 

Blarney Castle, Ireland 42 

The Lakes of Killarney, Ireland 44 

Giant's Causeway, Ireland 46 

7 



Edinburgh Castle, Scotland , . 48 

Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh 50 

Melrose Abbey, Scotland 52 

Abbotsford, Scotland '. 54 

Fingal's Cave, Scotland 56 

Forth Bridge, Scotland 58 

Balmoral Castle, Scotland 60 

Loch Katrine, Scotland 62 

North Cape, Norway 64 

The Kremlin, Moscow, Russia 66 

The Church of St. Basil, Moscow '. 68 

Royal Museum, Berlin, Germany 70 

Brandenburg Gate, Berlin 72 

Cologne Cathedral, Germany 74 

Heidelberg Castle, Germany 76 

Elirenbreitstein, Germany ... 78 

The Cathedral, Antwerp, Belgium 80 

Palais de Justice, Brussels, Belgium 82 

Field of Waterloo, Belgium 84 

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris 86 

Place de la Bastille, Paris 88 

Place de la Concorde, Paris = 90 



CONTENTS. 9 

Place Vendoine, Paris 92 

Garden of the Tuileries, Paris 94 

Arc de Triomphe, Paris 96 

Napoleon's Tomb, Paris 98 

Chamber of Deputies, Paris 100 

Grand Opera House, Paris 102 

Eiffel Tower, Paris L04 

The Trocadero, Paris . ■ 106 

Chateau de Fontainebleau, France 108 

Garden and Fountains, Versailles, France 110 

Grand Trianon, Versailles 112 

A Bull Fight, Seville, Spain 114 

The Alhambra 116 

Cordova, Spain 118 

Rock of Gibraltar 120 

IVxmte Carlo 122 

Lake Lucerne, Switzerland 124 

Mont Blanc, Switzerland 126 

Mer de Glace, Switzerland . 128 

Hie Matterhorn, Switzerland 130 

Rigi-ICulm, Switzerland 132 

Thun, Switzerland 134 



10 CONTENTS. 

Jungfrau from Interlaken 136 

Cursalon, Vienna, Austria 138 

Cathedra], Milan, Italy 140 

Panorama of Venice, Italy 142 

St. Mark's, Venice 141 

Grand Canal, Venice 146 

Doge's Palace, Venice 148 

Cathedral and Leaning Tower, Pisa, Italy 150 

Ponte Vecchio, Florence, Italy 152 

Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 154 

Cathedral of Florence 156 

The Capitol, Rome, Italy 158 

Castle of St. Angelo, Rome 160 

St. Peter's, Rome 162 

The Colosseum, Rome 164 

The Pantheon, Rome 166 

Tomb of Cecilia Metella, Rome 168 

The Forum, Rome 170 

The Bay of Naples, Italy 172 

Pompeii, Italy 174 

The Acropolis, Athens, Greece 176 

The Bosphorus, Constantinople, Turkey 178 



CONTENTS. 11 

The Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople 180 

The Sphinx, Egypt 182 

The Pyramids of Gizeh, Egypt 184 

Ruins of the Temple of Amenophis, Karnak 186 

•Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem 188 

Garden of Gethsemane, Jerusalem 190 

Ruins of Baalbek, Syria 192 

Taj Mahal, Agra, Hindostan 194 

The Pearl Mosque, Hindostan 196 

Yosemite Valley, California 198 

Big Trees, Mariposa Grove, California 200 

Geysers, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming 202 

Grand Canon, Yellowstone Park 204 

Cliff Dwellings, New Mexico . . 206 

Masonic Temple, Chicago 208 

Niagara Falls 210 

The Thousand Islands 212 

Victoria Bridge, Montreal 214 

The Capitol, Washington, D. C 216 

The White House, Washington, D. C 218 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia 220 

The Brooklyn Bridge 222 



THE STATUE OF LIBERTY. This colossal statue, by Auguste Bar- 
tholdi, stands on Bedloe's Island in New York harbor. It is distin- 
guished, not only by its immense height (three hundred and five feet 
six inches from foundation to torch), but by the elegance of its proportions 
and its imposing dignity. At night, especially, when the torch is lighted by 
electricity, its effect is unique and commanding. The statue was presented 
to the American people by France, the cost being defrayed by public subscrip- 
tion. The sculptor himself took no remuneration. Public subscription here 
put up the pedestal. The statue was formally handed over to the President, of 
the United States by the French delegates on October 28th, 1886. 

12 



THE TOWER OF LONDON, ENGLAND. In all the world there is no- 
more famous fortress than this ancient citadel of London. Situate in 
the oldest portion of the city, on the north bank of the Thames, it at 
once arrests the attention of every stranger in the English metropolis. Tradi- 
tion ascribes its erection to Julius Cresar, but tradition is unsupported by his- 
torical evidence, and at the most it is only conjectured that the Romans had a 
fortress on this site. It may be stated authoritatively, however, that the Keep 
or White Tower (so named because it was formerly whitewashed), which is 
now the oldest extant portion of the citadel, was built by William the Con- 
queror. As the council chamber of the ancient kings of England, and sub- 
sequently as a prison of state for political offenders, its glory and its shame 
are part and parcel of the glory and the shame of all England. Some of the- 
most momentous events in the history of the country were enacted within its 
walls. From an early period it has been the depository of the ornaments and 
jewels of the crown. 

14 



WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON. This is the supremely interest- 
ing spot in all London. Its exquisite architecture would alone ennoble 
it. But as the sepulchre of sovereigns, heroes, statesmen, authors and 
poets, as the scene of some of the most hallowed events in English history, it 
makes an even more serious appeal to the imagination. Its very history is in- 
volved in becoming mystery. Tradition asserts that on this site Sebert, King 
of the Saxons, built a church and dedicated it to St. Peter. More authentic 
history ascribes its inception to Edward the Confessor, who designed it for his 
own burial place. Hence, other royal interments followed. William the 
Conqueror was crowned here within a few yards of the Confessor's tomb, and 
every succeeding sovereign of England has followed his example. It also has 
continued to be the favorite spot for royal weddings and funerals. As it now 
stands the Abbey was for the most part rebuilt by Henry III. Henry VII 
added the famous chapel which bears his name, and the two towers on the 
front were placed there by Christopher Wren. The Poet's Corner in the south 
transept contains tombs or monuments in honor of many of the most famous 
of English literary worthies. 

16 



ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. This, the metropolitan church of 
London, is one of the largest and, without exception, the most conspicuous 
of its edifices. Built on a slight eminence, which is said to have been 
anciently occupied by a temple to Diana, it is the last of a series of Christian 
churches that succeeded to the Pagan temple. The first, founded about 610, was 
destroyed by fire in 1087. The second succumbed to the Great Fire of 1666. 
The present church was begun June 21st, 1675, and was finished in thirty-five 
years, under one architect, Sir Christopher Wren. The whole cost, £747,954 
2s. 9d., was paid by a tax on every chaldron of coal brought into London. 
The structure is five hundred and fifty feet from east to west by one hundred 
and twenty-five feet in width ; the front is one hundred and eighty feet wide, 
and the top of the cross is four hundred feet from the crypt floor. Carlyle 
said of it that it was the only edifice that struck him with a proper sense of 
grandeur. 

18 



HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. This is the 
largest, and in some respects the most imposing, of all the public edi- 
fices in England. Gothic in style, in size, at least, it surpasses any 
other Gothic building in the world. And in respect to its equipments and the 
excellent adaptation of every part to the purposes for which it was erected 
and for the transaction of the business to which it is consecrated it is abso- 
lutely unrivaled. Both Houses, Lords and Commons, meet within its walls. 
Yet it is a comparatively modern structure. Occupying the site of the Royal 
Palace, dwelt in by every English monarch from the time of Edward the Con- 
fessor to Queen Elizabeth, the corner-stone of the present building was not 
laid until April 27th, 1840. It covers about eight acres of ground, and has 
four fronts, the longest and most effective of which, facing the river Thames, 
is nine hundred and forty feet long. The Victoria Tower at the south-west 
angle, which is about three hundred and forty feet high and admirably pro- 
portioned, is one of its most effective features. 

20 



BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON. This, the most celebrated moneyed 
institution in the world, is situated on Threadneedle Street. Hence, it 
is sometimes facetiously alluded to as " The Old Lady of Threadneedle 
Street." It has a branch in the ^Yest End of London and nine branches in 
the provinces. It was founded July 27th, 1694, as a joint stock association, 
with a capital of £1,200,000, which was lent at eight, per cent, interest to the 
government of William and Mary. And as it began as a servant of the 
government so it has continued. At the present moment it has the manage- 
ment of the public debt and the paying of interest thereon, it holds the de- 
posits belonging to government and aids in the collection of the public 
revenue. It is the bank of all the other banks in England. Its notes are 
legal tender, and are convertible into coin. Its credit and reputation have 
been absolutely unequaled by any other establishment of the sort. Hence, 
the recent discovery of a deficit of £5,000,000 shook the financial world to its 
centre. But the bank has been able to meet the emergency. 

22 



MANSION HOUSE, LONDON, ENGLAND. The Lord-Mayor of 
London has his official residence at the Mansion House. It is situated 
nearly opposite the Royal Exchange, on the site of the ancient Stock's 
Market; was begun in 1739 and finished in 1741. In its great banqueting hall, 
known as the Egyptian Hall, are given the state banquets. Formerly it was 
the ambition of every great London merchant and banker to become Lord- 
Mayor, but since the district actually under his jurisdiction has come to be a 
very small part of what is known as London, the importance of this functionary 
has greatly diminished in the eyes of all save foreigners. As the dispenser of 
civic hospitality he receives £8000 a year, with the use of the Mansion House, 
furniture, carriages, &c. 

24 



LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND. This is not the Loudon 
bridge of Shakespeare's time, for that was a wooden structure, lined with 
houses on either side. The present London bridge is substantially built 
of granite on the site of the older one. It cost £2,566,268, and was opened 
to the public on August 1st, 1831, by King William IV. There are five 
arches, the central one having a span of one hundred and fifty-two feet. The 
entire length is nine hundred and twenty-eight feet and the width fifty-four. 
A curious interest attaches to the lamp posts along the side, which are cast 
from the metal of French cannon captured in the Peninsular War. The con- 
stant stream of traffic that pours across this bridge is prodigious. It is esti- 
mated that every twenty-four hours no less than twenty thousand vehicles and 
one hundred and seven thousand pedestrians are borne along in the opposing 
currents. 

26 



TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON. The battle of Trafalgar (22d 
October, 1805) was won over the combined French and Spanish fleet 
by the English, under Lord Nelson, who lost his life at the very moment 
of victory. One of the finest open places in London is named after the con- 
flict. In the centre a massive granite column, one hundred and forty-five feet 
in height, rises to the memory of the great admiral, whose statue surmounts it. 
The pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze, cast with the metal of French 
captured cannon, and representing scenes in the career of Nelson. Four colos- 
sal bronze lions, modeled by Sir Edwin Landseer, in 1867, crouch upon pedes- 
tals running out from the column in the form of a cross. The square is paved 
with asphalt. Statues of Sir Henry Havelock, of Sir Charles James Napier 
and of George IV are distributed around it. Towards the north side are two 
fountains, and on the terrace to the north rises the National Gallery, with the 
interesting old church of St. Martin in the Fields by its side. 

28 



THAMES EMBANKMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. At an early 
period the banks of the Thames River had many wide stretches of 
marsh land, covered by shallow lagoons. From time to time embank- 
ments have been erected, some of them dating from the time of the Romans. 
The greatest of all these works is the new Victoria Embankment, leading from 
Blackfriars Bridge towards the west, along the north bank of the Thames as 
far as Westminster. Built in 1864-70, under the direction of Sir Joseph W. 
Bazalgette, it cost nearly •$10,000,000. It consists of a macadamized carriage- 
way about two thousand three hundred yards in length and sixty-four feet 
wide. The foot pavement on the land side is sixteen feet broad and on the 
river side twenty feet. This entire area was formerly covered by the tide 
twice a day. A granite wall eight feet thick, protects it on the side next the 
Thames. Rows of trees have been planted along the sides of the Embank- 
ment, which will eventually make it a shady and delightful promenade. At 
intervals are large openings, with stairs leading to the floating steamboat piers. 
It is illuminated at night by electricity. 

30 



KENILWORTH CASTLE, ENGLAND. One of the stateliest of feudal 
remains in all England is this ruined castle, situated on rising ground 
to the west of the village of Kenilworth. Picturesque in itself, famous 
as it is in history, it yet derives its chief charm from the glamour thrown over 
it by Walter Scott in the novel which he has named after it. Kenilworth Castle 
first takes a prominent position in history as one of the strongholds of Simon 
de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, in his rebellion against Henry III. Sub- 
sequently it passed into the possession of John of Gaunt, who enlarged and 
beautified it. But its highest fame results from the fact that Queen Elizabeth 
bestowed it upon her favorite, Robert Leicester, Earl of Dudley, and it was 
here that Amy Robsart ended her unhappy life. Cromwell dismantled the 
castle. Since his day it has suffered much from the ravages of time, but even 
in ruins it retains a potency to delight and to impress. 

32 



WARWICK CASTLE, ENGLAND. Beautiful in itself, famous as the 
residence of the Earls of Warwick, and especially of him who went 
by the title of the King-maker, Warwick Castle is one of the most 
notable edifices in England. Nothing could be more picturesque than its 
situation on a rock washed by the Avon. Its two powers are surpassingly 
beautiful. The one known as the Clock Tower is here represented. Its 
battlements and turrets are full of quaint interest. The grounds which 
surround it are a triumph of landscapte gardening. And the castle itself 
is almost a thousand years old. Legend declares that it was founded 
in 915 by the daughter of King Alfred, Ethelfleda. In the war with the 
barons in the reign of Henry III it was partially destroyed. In the reign 
of Edward III it was restored and strengthened. Additions and improve- 
ments have successively been made. In the reign of James II it passed into 
the hands of the Grevilles, and has remained their property ever since. 

34 




L_ J -_— •-!..■_■■'-__£_ ._. .." . 



WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND. The favorite residence of the Eng- 
lish sovereigns, which distinction it merits through its own beauty, the 
beauty of its surroundings and its opulence of historical and legendary 
associations. Long before the Normans landed in England it was the seat of 
the Saxon Kings. But William the Conqueror founded the present castle ; it 
was rebuilt by Edward III, was extended by successive sovereigns, and, 
finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, was brought to its present perfection. 
The town of Windsor is some twenty miles from London. On a promontory, 
overlooking the Valley of the Thames, stands the castle. Its chapels and its 
terrace are among the noblest in Europe. The interior is lavishly decorated, 
and contains valuable paintings, statuary, furniture, tapestries and plate. In 
its vaults lie the bodies of the Kings and Queens of England. 

36 



SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND. 
The birth-place of genius must always be full of interest to his fellow- 
men. How great then must be the interest in the birth-place of the 
greatest of geniuses ! That interest is attested by the fact that the walls of the 
small, mean-looking edifice in which Shakespeare was born are scrawled all over 
with the names of potentates, princes, statesmen, poets and other great and 
little men. These, indeed, form a not insignificant part of the curiosities of 
the place. The house became the property of the English nation in 1847, and 
has been carefully restored. The actual room which witnessed the birth of the 
poet is shown, and is in substantially the same condition as when that event 
took place. In another room there is a small museum of Shakespearean relics. 

38 



OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND. This is the 
seaside residence of Queen Victoria. Even in the Isle of Wight, a 
place famous for its magnificent private residences, it occupies a pre-emi- 
nent position. Situated in the immediate neighborhood of East Cowes, almost 
opposite to the mouth of Southampton Water, no place could be more favored 
by nature in its surroundings, and art has come to the assistance of nature. 
The grounds, though not large, are exquisite specimens of that princely art of 
landscape gardening in which the English have achieved the highest success. 
The palace itself is in excellent taste. A high tower in one corner is a con- 
spicuous object for miles around. From its summit a magnificent view of the 
surrounding country may be obtained. 

40 



BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND. This imposing ruin of an ancient 
fortress is situated in the village of Blarney, about four miles from 
Cork. It was built in the early part of the fifteenth century by Cormac 
McCarthy, Prince of Desmond. Little now remains of it but the massive 
donjon tower, one hundred and twenty feet high. Its main celebrity arises 
from the famous Blarney stone, which endows whoever kisses it with the gift 
of flattery, palavering rhodomontade or wheedling eloquence. No one exactly 
knows the origin of the stone, nor whence it derived its mysterious powers. 
The date 1703 is carved upon it. It is preserved and held in place by two 
iron girders between huge mertons of the northern projecting parapet nearly 
one hundred feet above the ground. To kiss it has been the ambition of many 
generations who laboriously climb up to its dangerous eminence. But the lip 
service of so great a multitude is gradually wearing it away. 

42 



LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND. These are three connected 
lakes in County Kerry, of extraordinary beauty and interest. The 
largest, known as Lough Leane, is fifteen miles long by three broad. It 
contains some thirty islands, the chief of which is Innisfallen, celebrated in 
history and story. On the sides of these lakes rise the loftiest mountains in 
Ireland, intersected by the wildest ravines, and full of the boldest cascades. 
The beauty of the scenery is enhanced by the varied coloring of the thickly- 
wooded shores, the gray rock forming an effective contrast to the dark firs, the 
brown mountain heath, the light green arbutus and other features in an infi- 
nite variety of foliage and verdure. In the immediate neighborhood of Lough 
Leane is Muckross Abbey, founded by Franciscan monks in 1340, now a most 
picturesque ruin. 

44 



GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND. A singular mass of basaltic 
columns, situated on the coast of Antrim, Ireland, has obtained this 
name from the legend that it was the commencement of a road planned 
by the giants of old to project across the channel from Ireland to Scotland. 
And, indeed, it looks almost like a deliberate work of mightier men than we 
rather than a frolic of nature. It resembles an immense pier jutting out into 
the sea from the base of a stratified cliff about four hundred feet high, to the 
length of about seven hundred feet. The pillars composing it are close-fitting, 
dark-colored and somewhat irregular hexagons, varying in diameter from 
fifteen to twenty inches and sometimes reaching the height of twenty or even 
thirty feet. Whinstone dikes separate it into three divisions, known as the 
Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb" Causeway and the Larger 
or Grand Causeway. Altogether, it comprises about forty thousand columns, 
each consisting of several pieces. 

46 



EDINBURGH CASTLE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. Picturesquely 
situated on a rocky eminence, three hundred and eighty-three feet high, 
in the very heart of the old portion of Edinburgh, is this ancient fortress. 
The rock is perpendicular on three sides. On the fourth it slopes away gradu- 
ally so that it can be ascended with ease. The fort is supposed to have been 
erected in the seventh century, the city gradually growing up around it. In 
early Scottish history it was frequently captured by and recaptured from the 
English. In the twelfth century it became a royal residence. B)' the articles 
of union it is one of the four fortresses which are to be kept constantly forti- 
fied. It contains accommodations for two thousand soldiers, and its armory 
affords space for thirty thousand stands of arms. The Scottish Regalia are 
preserved here, and one of the chief objects of interest is the room where 
Mary, Queen of Scots, gave birth to James VI, in whom the crowns of Eng- 
land and Scotland were united. The picture is taken from the Parade Ground. 

48 



HOLYROOD PALACE, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. This spacious 
building occupies the site of an Abbey, founded in A. D. 1128 by King 
David I, of Scotland. The palace itself was begun in the reign of James 
IV, was nearly destroyed by Cromwell in 1650, and was rebuilt by Charles II. 
But the chief interest of the place centres upon its associations with Mary, 
Queen of Scots. Luckily her apartments are preserved in almost their origi- 
nal condition. The royal chapel, where she celebrated mass to the indignation 
of the Protestants, is almost intact. So is the audience chamber in which she 
disputed with John Knox. And even to this day is pointed out a deep stain 
at the foot cf the private stairway to her apartments which is said to be the 
blood of the murdered Rizzio. In recent times the palace has been seldom 
used as a jslace of residence. It stands on the top of a huge rock four hun- 
dred and forty-three feet above the sea, and is built in the shape of a quad- 
rangle with a court in the centre. 

50 



MELROSE ABBEY, MELROSE, SCOTLAND. This is the most 
famous and the most picturesque ruin in Scotland — indeed in all 
Great Britain. Originally founded for the Cistercian monks by David 
I, of Scotland, in the twelfth century, it was nearly destroyed by the English 
— Edward II— in 1322, and shortly after was rebuilt by Robert Bruce, whose 
heart is fabled to be buried under the east window. The abbey was again 
burned by Richard II in 1385, and though again restored it was considerably 
altered after the Reformation to suit the demands of Presbyterian worship. 
Later it was plundered by builders to secure ornaments for houses, and is now 
in utter ruin. As it stands, therefore, it belongs mainly to the middle of the 
fourteenth century and the first half of the fifteenth, with a good many por- 
tions of much later date. Even in ruins it is one of the noblest exemplars 
of the Middle-pointed style of Gothic architecture. Sir Walter Scott made it 
the scene of his novel of" The Monastery," and also celebrated it in some well- 
known lines in " Marmion." 

52 



ABBOTSFORD, SCOTLAND. As the residence of Sir Walter Scott, who 
erected it in the days of his greatest financial success, and as the scene 
and the cause of his eventual ruin, the castle of Abbotsford must ever 
retain a picturesque and pathetic hold upon the lover of literature. It is 
situated on the south bank of the Tweed, near Melrose Abbey, and about 
twenty-eight miles southeast of Edinburgh. Scott's aim was to erect a great 
mansion on something like feudal principles, where he would dispense a lordly 
hospitality akin to that of the ancient nobles whom he loved to celebrate. The 
scheme was too grand to succeed. The kindly baronet was involved in ruin, 
and spent his last days in a courageous and almost successful effort to battle 
against terrible odds. At present Abbotsford has passed out of the hands of 
his descendants and become a boarding-school for young ladies. But it is still 
a museum of interesting relics, and on account of its associations is much 
visited by tourists. 

54 



FINGAL'S CAVE, SCOTLAND, one of the most remarkable of all cave 
formations. It is situated on the Island of Staffk, seven miles off the 
west coast of Mull. The entire island is almost entirely encircled by 
cliffs of columnar basalt, hollowed out here and there into caves. Fingal's, 
known also as the Great Cave, is the greatest of these. The entrance is 
almost like that of a huge Gothic Cathedral. A lofty arch, sixty feet high by 
thirty wide, is supported by columnar ranges of basaltic rock, whose native 
blackness is whitened with calcareous stalagmite. The cave is two hundred 
and thirty-two feet deep. Its floor is the sea, which flashes many colored 
lights upon the ceiling with its pendant clusters of columus, and on the great 
cavernous sides, with their countless complicated ranges of gigantic columns, 
beautifully jointed and of the most symmetrical though varied forms. 

56 



FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND. The largest and, in many respects, the 
most magnificent- bridge in the world, is that across the Firth of Forth, 
at Queensbury. Here the estuary of the Forth is divided by the island 
of Inchgarvie into two channels, whose depth — two hundred feet — precluded 
the construction of intermediate piers. A design for a gigantic suspension 
bridge, by Sir Thomas Bouch, had almost been adopted, when the collapse of 
the Tay bridge, in 1879, led to the abandonment of the project. A new plan 
was accepted from Benjamin Baker. This was a cantilever bridge of steel. 
A cantilever is a structure overhung from a fixed base. Work was begun in 
1882 and completed in 1889. There are three granite piers, the central one 
being on the island ; and on those piers three double lattice-work cantilevers 
are poised in line, reaching towards each other, and connected at their extrem- 
ities by ordinary girders three hundred and fifty feet long, by which the two 
main spans are completed. These main spans are each seventeen hundred 
feet long, and the total length of the bridge is eighty-two hundred and ninety- 
six feet, or a little over one and one-half miles. The under side of the bridge 
is one hundred and fifty-two feet above high water. 

58 



BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND, the Highland residence of the 
Queen of England, situated in Braemer, Aberdeenshire. Its situation 
is of great beauty. It stands on a natural platform nine hundred and 
twenty-six feet above sea level, which slopes gently and gradually down to 
the margin of the River Dee. The castle is in the Scottish Baronial style of 
architecture. It is entirely cf granite, and consists of two separate blocks of 
buildings united by wings. A tower eighty feet high is surmounted by a 
turret twenty feet higher. The entire estate, including a deer forest, comprises 
over twenty-five thousand acres. It was purchased by Prince Albert in 1832 
from the Earl of Fife. He pulled down the older castle, finding it not exactly 
suited to the needs of the royal family, and put up the present imposing 
structure in its place. 

60 



LOCH KATRINE (ELLEN'S ISLE), SCOTLAND. The Scotch lakes 
are famous the world over for their beauty. Loch Katrine is the most 
famous of them all. It lies in Perthshire ; is eight miles in length, and 
has an average breadth of three quarters of a mile. Ben Venue and Ben An 
are celebrated mountains on its banks, and it contains a number of exquisite 
islands. Among the latter is Ellen's Island, chosen by Sir Walter Scott as the 
scene of " The Lady of the Lake." Wordsworth and other poets have thrown 
the glamour of their genius around Loch Katrine. But it has a more practi- 
cal use. Its waters, which are remarkably pure, supply the city of Glasgow, 
twenty-five miles off; being conveyed thither by a series of tunnels, aqueducts 
and pipes. 

62 



NORTH CAPE, NORWAY. A promontory, situated on the north ex- 
tremity of the Island of Mageroe, which is divided by a narrow channel 
from the mainland of Norway. It is celebrated, not only for the 
sombre grandeur of its scenery, but as the northernmost point of Europe. It 
consists of a precipitous slate rock, fissured with many clefts, which rise to a 
height of some twelve hundred feet above the sea. 

64 



KREMLIN AND GREAT BELL, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. The Kremlin 
is the name given to an inner enclosure or citadel in Moscow crowded 
with palaces, churches and towers, surrounded by a wall sixty feet in 
height and two miles in circuit. The Tartar style of architecture, with gilded 
•domes and cupolas, forms the predominant feature. The palace of the Kremlin 
is the residence of the czars. It suffered much damage in the conflagration of 
1812, which drove Napoleon out of the city, and was rebuilt in the reign of 
Nicholas I in 1838-49. In its restored shape it is rather a mass of buildings, 
old and new, than a single, harmonious structure. But it is full of historical 
and immediate interest. The tower of Ivan the Great, whose five stories rise 
to a height of three hundred and twenty-five feet, is close to the palace. At 
its foot lies the Great Bell, the largest in the world — cast in 1730. It was 
broken a few years afterwards by the burning of the wooden tower in which 
it was suspended. Its height is twenty-six feet four inches, its circumference 
sixty-seven feet eleven inches. 

66 



CHURCH OF ST. BASIL, MOSCOW, RUSSIA. This remarkable edi- 
fice, standing on the site of an ancient church and cemetery where St. 
Basil was buried, was built in 1554 by Ivan IV. He is said to have 
been so much delighted with it that he put out the eyes of its Italian architect, 
so that it might never be surpassed. It is a bewildering medley of great and 
little domes and towers, not only of different shapes and sizes, but gilded and 
painted in all possible varieties of color. There is no main chapel or church, 
but each dome surmounts its own chapel, dedicated to some particular saint, 
and services are carried on in each without disturbing the worshipers in any 
other. Bayard Taylor appropriately styles this church the " apotheosis of 
chimneys," and describes it as the product of some architectural kaleidoscope, 
in which the most incongruous things assume a certain order and system. 
Relics of St. Basil and of St. John the Idiot are shown to visitors. 

68 



ROYAL MUSEUM, BERLIN, PRUSSIA. Architecturally, this is the 
finest building in Berlin. It is an admirable specimen of the Greek 
style, with its Ionic portico of eighteen columns and its broad flight of 
steps leading up to the entrance. The central part of the structure, rising above 
the rest of the building and corresponding with the rotunda in the interior, is 
adorned at the corners with four colossal groups in bronze. Two other bronze 
groups are on the steps. This building is usually known as the Old Museum 
to distinguish it from its annex, the New Museum, by which it is connected 
with a short passage, crossing the street at the back. The two buildings con- 
tain a magnificent collection of antiquities and of ancient and modern sculp- 
tures, paintings, etc. 

70 



BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, PRUSSIA. This gate, at the west 
end of the famous Unter der Linden, the principal street in Berlin, 
forms the entrance to the city from the Thier-garten. Next to the Arc 
de 1' Etoile in Paris, this is the most magnificent triumphal arch in the world. 
It even eclipses the ancient monuments of this kind in Rome. Yet it is not 
entirely original. It was erected in 1789-93 by C. G. Langhans in imitation, 
or rather as a glorification, of the model presented by the Propylacum at 
Athens. The height is eighty-five feet, the width two hundred and five. There 
are five passages (that in the centre reserved for royal carriages), separated by 
massive Doric columns. The material is sandstone. A notable feature is the 
triumphal car on the summit, the Quadriga of Victoria, done in copper. 
Napoleon carried this to Paris in 1807, but it was recovered in 1814. Ad- 
joining the gate on the side next the town are two wings resembling Grecian 
temples, of which that on the right or north side contains a telegraph office 
and a pneumatic post-office, while that on the left is the guard-house. 

72 



THE CATHEDRAL OF COLOGNE, GERMANY. This church, known 
officially as the Cathedral of St. Peter's, is, next to St. Peter's at Rome, 
the largest church edifice in the world, and is, without any exception, the 
most magnificent specimen of Gothic architecture extant. Begun in 1248, the 
work went on very slowly. In 1322 the choir was consecrated. Then the 
work lagged still more, and at the beginning of the sixteenth century came to 
a sudden close, not being resumed till 1816, since which time more than two 
millions of dollars have been expended to bring the edifice to its present state 
of completion. The spires are five hundred and twenty-one feet high, and 
before the building of the Eiffel Tower this church was the highest edifice in 
the world. The height of the roof inside is one hundred and forty-five feet, 
the length of the building is four hundred and forty-four feet and the breadth 
two hundred and one. The choir is rich in statues, frescoes and fine carvings. 
A chapel, known as the chapel of the Three Kings, contains a gorgeous shrine, 
in which are exhibited the skulls of the three wise men who came from the 
East with presents for the infant Saviour. 

74 



HEIDELBERG CASTLE, GERMANY. On a height above the city of 
Heidelberg are the ruins of this old-time palace and fortress. Founded 
by the Elector Rudolph in the fourteenth century, and altered and 
added to by his successors, it partakes of the architectural style of all the three 
centuries. The French sacked and partially burned it in 1693 ; it was sub- 
sequently restored, but being struck by lightning in 1764, it has since been 
suffered to remain in ruins. As such it is One of the most magnificent remains 
of the Middle Ages — a square massive building, roofless, with a round tower 
at one end and an octagonal one at the other. Some idea of its strength may 
be gained from the fact that the walls of the round tower are twenty-two feet 
thick. In one of the cellars is the famous Tun of Heidelberg, a huge copper 
reservoir, bound with iron hoops, whose capacity is forty-nine thousand gallons. 

76 



EHRENBREITSTEIN, GERMANY, This fortress, whose name signifies 
the Broad Stone of Honor, is situated on a precipitous rock three hun- 
dred and seventy-seven feet above the Rhine, just opposite Coblentz. 
The rock is known as the Gibraltar of the Rhine. The ancient Romans- 
recognized its commanding position and erected here a castrum or camp. In 
1018 the Franconian king, Dagobert, presented it to the bishops of Treves,, 
who made it their stronghold. It has successfully resisted many sieges, but 
was twice captured by the French, first in 1631 and again in 1798. After the 
Peace of Luneville in 1801 they blew it up. Restored to Prussia with the 
Peace of Paris, the French were forced to contribute 15,000,000 of francs to 
place it in its former condition. At present it is defended by four hundred 
cannon, and fifty thousand stands of needle guns are stored in its armory. It 
is capable of accommodating one hundred thousand men, but five thousand 
are sufficient to man it properly. The summit of the rock commands a magnifi- 
cent view of the surrounding country. A bridge of boats connects the 
village of Ehrenbreitstein with Coblentz. 

78 



THE CATHEDRAL OF ANTWERP, BELGIUM. Though inferior to 
the great minster at Cologne, the cathedral at Antwerp is an exquisite and 
notable specimen of Gothic architecture. It is unfortunately situated in 
a narrow street, just away from the Place St. Antoine, and is hedged in by 
shops, which are backed up against its very walls. It is unfinished, only one of 
the towers being complete. The other is but half-way up, where it has been 
capped over, and has remained so for centuries. Nevertheless, nothing can 
detract from the majesty of the church itself. Out from the littleness of its 
surroundings it calmly rears its splendid front. Its solitary tower soars upward 
to the height of four hundred and three feet, with delicate open arches that 
look like fretted work, so that Napoleon said : " It looked as if made of 
Mechlin lace." The chimes of ninety-nine bells are deservedly famous. The 
interior is glorified by the presence of Rubens' two greatest pictures, " The 
Elevation of the Cross " and " The Descent from the Cross." Begun about 
the middle of the thirteenth century, it suffered seriously from fire in the six- 
teenth century, and the greater part of the present edifice dates from that 
period. In the foreground of the picture is the monument to Rubens. 



PALAIS DE JUSTICE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. The new Palace of 
Justice, or Court-house, in Brussels, is the largest architectural work of 
the present century, and one of the most magnificent. It was begun in 
1866 and completed in 1883 at a total cost of $10,000,000. It is splendidly 
situated on a height commanding a view of the whole city. This massive pile 
covers an area of two hundred and seventy thousand square feet, considerably 
more than St. Peter's, at Rome, and is five hundred and ninety feet long by 
five hundred and sixty wide. The avowed aim of the artist was to accommo- 
date Assyrian form to modern requirements. Above the main body of the 
building rises another rectangular structure, surrounded with columns, this, in 
turn, supporting a columned rotunda, the whole crowned by a dome which is 
four hundred feet above the pavement. In details the Grreco-Rornan style has 
been generally adhered to, with an admixture of rococo treatment. 

82 



FIELD OF WATERLOO, BELGIUM. The scene of the greatest battle 
of modern times, if not of all times, is necessarily of perennial interest 
to the world. It is a matter for rejoicing, therefore, that the field of 
Waterloo is retained in much the same condition in which it was left on the 
fateful day of June 18th, 1815, when the power of Napoleon was crushed by 
Wellington and Blucher. To be sure, Wellington is reported to have said : 
" You have spoilt my battlefield," when he saw the artificial mound surmounted 
by a Belgic lion of cast-iron, which has been raised in the centre of the field. 
But at least its one hundred and fifty feet of height afford the opportunity for 
an excellent bird's-eye view of the entire field. And the old house of Hougemont, 
whose building and orchard were occupied by the British Guards, and where 
some of the fiercest fighting of the day was carried on, remains as it was, with 
the bullet holes in the walls and other damages unrepaired. The monument 
represented in the foreground is dedicated to the soldiers who fell in the battle. 

84 



NOTRE DAME, PARIS. The cathedral of Notre Dame, one of the 
great historical churches of the world and one of the most beautiful 
specimens of medireval architecture, was founded in 1163 on the site of 
an earlier church, was consecrated in 1182 and was completed in 1420. It 
suffered sadly during the Revolution, when it was made a Temple of Reason ; 
was restored in 1845, and during the time of the commune narrowly escaped 
destruction by fire. The form is that of a Latin cross, with a nave and double 
aisles, which are continued around the choir, the earliest example known. 
The facade is one of the most admired pieces of early Gothic. The triple 
portal is ornamented by rich bas-reliefs. In the second story is a great rose 
window, flanked by double windows, enclosed in wide-spreading Gothic arches. 
The third story is an open gallery of slender arches and columns. In one of 
the towers is a famous bell, weighing thirty-two thousand pounds, which is 
only rung on state occasions. The interior of the church is adorned with sculp- 
tures, bas-reliefs and paintings and magnificent rose windows of stained glass. 



PLACE DE LA BASTILLE, PARIS, FRANCE. This square ends the 
line of the original boulevards, and marks the beginning of the Fau- 
bourg St. Antoine. It is historically interesting as the site of the Bas- 
tille, the former state prison of France, whose destruction by the Parisian mob 
on July 14th, 1789, marked the real beginning of the French Revolution. 
The column in the middle, known as the Colonne de Juillet, was reared in 
1831 in honor of the citizens who fell in the revolution of July, 1830, which 
drove Charles X from the throne and put Louis Philippe in his place. The 
names of six hundred and fifteen of these are inscribed upon the sides of the 
column, and their ashes, together with those of combatants in the revolution of 
1848, repose in two vast sarcophagi in the vaults below. The column is of 
bronze, one hundred and fifty-four feet high, and is divided by four collars into 
five divisions. Bas-reliefs, by Barye, adorn the exterior. Inside there is a 
spiral stair-case, also of bronze. The top is surmounted by an emblematic 
figure of Liberty, in gold bronze, the work of Durnont. 



PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE. This square, situated 
between the Rue Royale and the Pont de la Concorde, is perhaps the 
most beautiful and effective in all Paris. It dates from the year 1748. 
Originally it was adorned with a statue of Louis XV, which was pulled down 
in 1792 to make way for a colossal figure of Liberty. The place was then 
called Place de la Revolution. It was here that next year the guillotine was 
erected, upon which perished Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and nearly three 
thousand of their adherents. Under the Directory the Statue of Liberty was 
removed and the great place became the Place de la Concorde. Since then it 
has undergone many alterations. It was laid out as it now stands by Napo- 
leon III. In the middle is the great Obelisk of Luxor, presented to Louis 
Philippe by Mehemet Ali, and on each side are two large fountains. At the 
different corners of the square there arc seated figures, representing eight 
different towns, formerly the chief towns of France. But one of them, Stras- 
bourg, is now a portion of Germany. 

90 



PLACE VENDOME, PARIS. A handsome octagonal square, between 
the Boulevard des Capucines and the Tuileries Gardens. It was designed 
by Louis XIV, in 1686, to contain public buildings, such as the Mint, 
the Royal Library, the various academies, &c. This plan was subsequently 
much modified. The buildings, which are of Corinthian architecture of a 
severely uniform appearance, are mainly occupied by banks and other fiscal 
institutions. A grand equestrian statue of Louis XIV once stood in the centre 
of the square, but it was destroyed in 1792, and in 1806 its place was taken by 
the famous Vendome column, a stone shaft one hundred and forty-three feet 
high, covered with the metal of cannon taken from the Prussians and Austrians. 
It is surmounted by a statue of Napoleon, and is ornamented by bas-reliefs 
commemorative of that hero's campaign in 1805. In 1871 column and statue 
were both pulled down by the Commune, but the Republic under Thiers 
repaired and replaced them. 

92 



THE GARDEN OF THE TUILERIES. The Tuileries is but the re- 
mains of its former glory. The main front of the building -was burned 
by the Commune in 1871, and after remaining a picturesque ruin for 
some years was at length removed. The wing nearest the Rue de Rivoli 
shared the fate of the front, but was rebuilt, together with the Pavilion de 
Marsan, which formed the angle. The Pavilion de Flore, at the other end, 
suffered much less, and had only to be restored. Both wings, and, indeed, the 
entire building, are a marvel of exterior ornamentation. Before the Revolu- 
tion the Tuileries was only the occasional residence of the French sovereign, 
but Napoleon made it his principal abode, and his example was followed by 
his successors. The picture is taken from the exquisite gardens of the Tuileries 
facing the Place de la Concorde. 

94 



ARC DE TRIOMPHE, PARIS, FRANCE. This, the distinctive 
triumphal arch of Paris, is more specifically known as 1' Arc de 1' 
Etoile, to differentiate it from three other triumphal arches of less celeb- 
rity. It stands at the west end of the Avenue des Champs Elysees on the 
summit of a slope, which makes it visible from all parts of Paris and the 
environs. It is not only the largest arch in existence, but the most magnif- 
icent ever erected. Began by Napoleon in 1806, to commemorate the wars of 
the Revolution and of the Empire, it was completed thirty years later by 
Louis Philippe. The total cost was about $2,000,000. The height of the 
arch above the ground is one hundred and fifty-two feet, its width one hun- 
dred and thirty-eight feet, its thickness sixty-eight feet. The main archway 
measures ninety feet in height and forty-five in width ; the smaller lateral 
archways are each fifty-seven feet by twenty-five. The bas-reliefs represent the 
most famous events of 1792-1815. Finest of all are the two colossal groups 
on each side of the central arch facing the Champs Elysees, cut in full relief 
and representing the " Departure of the Troops in 1792 " and " The Triumpk 
of Napoleon after the Austrian Campaign." 

96 



^TAPOLEON'S TOMB, PARIS, FRANCE. Under the splendid dome 
J of the Church of the Invalides, in a huge circular crypt below the 
level of the floor, is the tomb of the Great Napoleon I. The sarcopha- 
gus, hewn out of a single block of granite brought from Finland, was the 
gift of the Emperor Nicholas, when in 1841 the remains of the Emperor were 
brought back from St. Helena by the Prince de Joinville. The crypt is 
adorned with marble reliefs symbolical of Napoleon's reforms and with twelve 
colossal figures of victory and sixty mouldering banners captured from the 
enemy. There are also monuments to Vauban and Turenne, Napoleon's most 
illustrious predecessors in the field. At the entrance to the crypt lie the 
bodies of Bertrand and Duroc, the near friends and companions of Napoleon. 
The monuments or the remains of various members of the Bonaparte family 
are in the upper part of the church. 



CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, PARIS, FRANCE. This is sometimes 
called the Palais Bourbon. It is the seat of the French parliament. It 
is a large classical building on the left bank of the Seine, facing the 
Pont de la Concorde. The old fa9ade was in the Rue de 1' Universite at the 
back ; the new one, with its Corinthian colonnade, was erected in 180-1. The 
hall is a semi-circular room, with the President's chair facing the extremity of 
the half circle. Here sat the Council of Five Hundred, Louis Philippe's 
Chamber and Napoleon Ill's Corps Legislatif, and here at present sit the 
deputies elected from the various districts of the French republic. Orators 
address the Chamber from the tribune, which is placed immediately under the 
President's chair. Voting is done by means of white or blue cards, placed in 
tin receptacles that are handed round by the ushers; the white being an 
" ave," the blue " nay." 

100 



THEATRE DE L'OPERA, PARIS. The new Opera House, in Paris, is 
the handsomest, though not the largest, temple of amusement in the 
world. It will hold twenty-one hundred people, while La Scala, in 
Milan, holds three thousand. The stage, however, in cubic and superficial 
area, is the largest known. It is equaled by others in depth, but surpasses 
them all in breadth. The exterior is bewildering in the richness of its decora- 
tions. The grand staircase and the foyer are in magnificent keeping with the 
exterior. This building is one of the creations of the Second Empire. More 
than one hundred houses were torn down to clear the square on which it 
stands. It was inaugurated on January 1st, 1875. The total cost is estimated 
at $8,000,000. The opera is managed by a director, who receives from the 
State an allowance of eight hundred thousand francs a year. He has to 
supply what is necessary and run all risks. 

102 



EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS. This is the highest structure in the world, 
being three hundred metres or nine hundred and eighty-four feet in 
height, as against the five hundred and fifty-five feet five and one-eighth 
inches of the Washington Monument, which comes nest in altitude among all 
the edifices of man. The tower was constructed by Alexander G. Eiffel for the 
Paris Exhibition of 1878. Its foundations are sunk to a depth of fifty feet in 
the sandy soil of the Champs de Mars, and the four massive piers, which form 
the first stage of the tower, are so planted as to distribute the enormous weight 
of the structure (sixty-five hundred tons) in the best way possible. In spite of 
this weight the general impression is one of grace and lightness. The summit 
is crowned by a cupola with an exterior balcony, whence a magnificent pano- 
rama of Paris and its surroundings is unveiled. Elevators carry passengers 
up to the summit, the time consumed by the ascension being from six to seven 
minutes. 

104 



TROCADERO, PARIS, FRANCE. The Eiffel Tower is not the sole 
remaining monument of the French Exposition of 1878. Overlooking 
the Champs de Mars is the Trocadero, which was begun in 1876 for the 
same exhibition. It is a fantastic structure in the Byzantine style. The cen- 
tral portion consists of a circular edifice one hundred and eighty feet high and 
one hundred and eighty-nine feet in diameter, crowned by a dome, and flanked 
with two minarets two hundred and seventy feet high. On each side extends 
a wing in the form of a curve, six hundred and sixty feet in length, giving the 
entire edifice the appearance of an imposing crescent. On a level with the 
spring of the dome is a terrace adorned with thirty statues. The view of Paris 
from the terrace or the towers is superb. Below the balcony, in front of the 
central building, gushes a large cascade, which descends to a huge basin one 
hundred and ninety-six feet in diameter. Afternoon concerts are often given 
in the elaborately decorated Salle des Fetes, which seats six thousand persons. 
There are also collections of sculptures and antiquities. 

106 






ll^iF"i|ili! 



CHATEAU DE FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE. Fontainebleau is a 
small town thirty-five miles south-east of Paris. It is famous for the 
royal palace, which is situated in a magnificent park or forest, fifty miles 
in circumference, and covering an area of forty-two thousand five hundred 
acres. The building itself is said to occupy the site of a fortified chateau, built 
by Louis VII in 1162. But it was Francis I who transformed the mediaeval 
fortress into a palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnificence. Henry 
IV did much towards its embellishment. Here his successor, Louis XIV, re- 
voked the Edict of Nantes. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon I, whose 
sentence of divorce from Josephine was pronounced here. Louis Philippe 
and Napoleon III spent large sums in restoring it. The exterior of the build- 
ing, with the exception of several pavilions, is only two stories in height. 
The interior is a splendid example of decorative work. Some of the greatest 
French and Italian artists of the epoch of its creation were employed upon it. 
Especially beautiful is the chamber of Anne of Austria, the mother of Louis 
XIV, and Queen-regent in his minority, who made Fontainebleau her favorite 
residence, and spent money lavishly in the decoration of her chamber. 

108 



GARDEN AND FOUNTAINS, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. The Palace 
of Versailles is in the town of the same name, ten miles from Paris, was 
built by Louis XIV in 1661, and became a royal residence in 1681. As 
such it has held a great place in the history of France. It is now used as a 
historical museum. The garden which surrounds it is justly celebrated for its 
extreme beauty. Among its chief marvels are the fountains, richly adorned 
with bronze statues, and from the centre of each rises a column of water to 
the height of forty feet, encircled by sixteen inclined jets of water, the whole 
forming a sort of basket. The water which feeds the fountains is brought 
from the Seine by the machine of Marly, constructed at enormous expense, 
after the failure of the plan to turn the River d' Eure from its course. 

110 



GRAND TRIANON, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. A charming residence- 
near the palace of Versailles, built by Louis XIV in 1688 for Madame 
de Maintenon, but chiefly interesting for its associations with Marie- 
Antoinette, whose favorite residence it was. Here she amused herself with, 
her Swiss village, and here, as well as in the adjacent Petit Trianon, she and 
her court played at shepherds and shepherdesses. The Grand Trianon is built 
in the Italian style, with the rooms all on one floor. The interior is exqui- 
sitely furnished and adorned. In the surrounding gardens are cottages and 
artificial "mountains" (some nearly ten feet high) and glens and grottoes and 
pebbly-bottomed brooks. 

112 



BULL FIGHT, SEVILLE, SPAIN. The bull: fight is the national sport 
of Spain. The sport has been described as a tragedy in three acts. 
First, the bull is let out and goaded to fury by the lances of the mounted 
picadores. If a picador is thrown or his horse is wounded the chulos rush in 
and attract the bull by waving their cloaks in front of him, saving themselves, 
if need be, by leaping over the palisade which encloses the circus. When the 
bull begins to flag the chulos attack him with barbed darts, called banderillas, 
which they stick into his neck. The third act introduces the matador, who 
enters alone. He holds in his right hand a naked sword, in his left a muleta 
or small stick with a piece of scarlet silk attached. The bull rushes blindly 
at the muleta. The matador, if he be skillful, plunges the sword into the left 
shoulder and the animal drops dead. Sometimes, however, he misses his first 
aim and then he has to try again. Sometimes he is wounded or even killed and 
then a new matador appiears on the scene. 

114 



THE ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN. Alhambra means the "Red 
Castle." This fortress and palace of the ancient Moorish kings — "the 
pride of Granada and the boast of Spain "—is a vast and irregular collec- 
tion of buildings built of bricks slightly reddened. The principal building was 
begun in 1248 and finished in 1314. Here the Moorish kings lived, surrounded 
by their court and nobility, a total population of some forty thousand souls. Its 
degradation dates from the day of the Castilian conquest, for the alterations 
and restorations made by the Spanish kings were without judgment. Philip V, 
early in the eighteenth century, was its last royal occupant. After his deser- 
tion the place was allowed to fall into decay until 1862, when the Spanish 
government took it in charge. Happily, the most important portions still 
exist, and present a bewildering array of pavilions, courts, colonnades, foun- 
tains, baths, gilded ceilings and every kind of Oriental decoration. 

116 



CORDOVA, SPAIN. This is one of the most ancient and picturesque of 
Spanish towns. Its walls, built on a Roman foundation with Moorish 
superstructure, inclose a large area, dotted with Roman and Moorish 
remains. Chief among the latter is the cathedral, which looms up almost in 
the centre of our picture. It dates from the eighth century, and was formerly 
a mosque. Authorities generally agree that it is the finest specimen of a 
Moorish mosque in all Europe. The southern suburb communicates with the 
town by means of an ancient bridge across the River Guadalquiver, whose 
sixteen arches exhibit the usual combination of Moorish and Roman archi- 
tecture. At one end of the bridge is an elevated statue of the patron saint, 
St. Raphael, whose effigy abounds all through the city. Our picture is taken 
from the southern suburb. 

118 



ROCK OF GIBRALTAR, SPAIN. An inaccessible rock, buttressed by 
an impregnable fortress, which juts out from the southern extremity of 
Spain, in Andulasia, gives to the English, who hold it, the virtual com- 
mand of the Mediterranean. The rock is fourteen hundred and thirty feet 
high at its highest point; its length, from north to south, about three miles; 
its circumference about six. It is mainly compcsed of compact limestone and 
dense gray marble, varied by beds of red sandstone and tissues of osseous 
breccia. The north face is almost perpendicular, but the east side is full of 
tremendous precipices. It came into possession of the English by conquest 
during the war of the succession in 1704. Since then they have spent immense 
sums in its fortification, with so much success that they have retained it against 
the combined efforts of France and Spain. From the sea the rock presents a 
grim enough aspect with its immense cannon, its piles of balls and bombs, and 
its apparent lack of vegetation. But a closer view shows patches of fruit 
trees, together with a great variety of odoriferous shrubs. 

120 



MONTE CARLO, MONACO— THE CASINO. Monaco is a small prin- 
cipality on the Mediterranean, ruled by Prince Albert, of Monaco. It 
is chiefly famous for the notorious Casino at the small town of Monte 
Carlo, where alone in Europe public gaming is authorized by law. The first 
stone of the Casino was laid in 1858, and gambling tables had existed in 
Monaco two years previous to that date, but it was not till 1860, when M. Blanc, 
expelled from Homburg, took possession of the place, that Monte Carlo began 
to be famous. The gaming establishment is now in the hands of a joint stock 
company, with a capital of 15,000,000 francs, who leased the ground from the 
prince. It employs nearly one thousand people and is annually visited by 
about four hundred thousand visitors. The inhabitants of Monaco are not 
allowed at the tables. Their good will, however, is secured by their exemp- 
tion from taxation and by the flood of paying visitors who are attracted 
hither. Monte Carlo is in itself-"a place of exquisite beauty, natural and arti- 
ficial. 

122 



I. 



AKE LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND. Nut only in wild and picturesque 
scenery, but in its legendary and historical associations, this is one of 



natively known as the Lake of the Four Forest Cantons, because bounded by 
the cantons of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Lucerne. The mountain peaks 
surrounding it give it the form of a St. Andrew's cross, whence comes that 
cross on the Swiss flag. Mounts Pilatus and Rigi stand at the north like 
sentinel outposts of the Alps. The beginning of the St. Gothard Pass over 
the Alps is at Fluelen to the south. The lake is intimately connected with 
the Tell legends, and at one of its most enchanting spots a small chapel, 
attributed to the fourteenth century, is said to mark the spot where he sprang 
out of Gessler's boat as he was being carried away a prisoner. 

124 



MONT BLANC FROM CHAMOUNI, SWITZERLAND. This, the 
highest mountain in Europe, and, by common consent, the most magnif- 
icent in its scenery, rises at the southern end of the valley of Cha- 
mouni, fifteen thousand seven hundred and eighty-one feet above sea level. 
During the last century and a half it has been a favorite resort of tourists, 
and especially of scientists, as its glaciers and other marvelous features are full 
of interest and instruction. But it was not till 1786 that Balrnat and Paccard 
made the first ascension, followed in 1787 by Saussure. Many accidents have 
happened here in the past. In 1870 a party of eleven, two of them Ameri- 
cans, all perished in the snow-crowned heights. Nowadays the ascensions 
are more numerous, and, with proper precautions, are considered absolutely 
safe, though very fatiguing, and occupying three days. The view from the 
valley of Chamouni is of extraordinary beauty. It has been celebrated by 
Coleridge in one of his most famous poems, and has been the theme of count- 
less other pens. Not always is the " monarch of mountains" visible from Cha- 
mouni, as his imperial front is frequently hidden from the sight of his wor- 
shipers. But the photograph here presented is taken on a fortunate day,. 
when there was no cloud about the throne. 

126 



MER DE GLACE, MONT BLANC, SWITZERLAND. This immense 
glacier fills the highest gorges of the chain of Mont Blanc, and ex- 
tends over a distance of twelve miles into the Valley of Chamouni. 
It is formed by the masses of snow and ice which collect during the long 
winters. In appearance it is just what its name implies, a Sea of Ice, whose 
tumultuous waves seem to have been suddenly frozen, not while they were 
being lashed to fury by a tempest, but at the very moment when the wind 
had subsided and left them high indeed, but rounded and blunted in outline. 
Slowly — so slowly that the motion is imperceptible — it flows down the inclined 
plane between two mountains cracking, groaning and melting until it resolves 
itself into a torrent, known as the Arveiron. There are other seas of ice among 
the Alps, but this by pre-eminence is known as the Mer de Glace. It was in 
the study of this region that Agassiz conceived his glacial theory. 

128 



THE MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND. This famous Alpine height 
is situated in the canton of Valais, in Switzerland, overhanging the 
little village of Zerraatt. It is fourteen thousand seven hundred and 
five feet high, and its peak is the sharpest and most acute in all the Alpine 
region, rising like a sort of triangular obelisk into the clouds. Its sides are 
so precipitous that the snow itself can hardly find a lodgment. For a long 
period it was deemed inaccessible to man. On the 14th of July, 1865, a party, 
consisting of Messrs. Hudson, Whymper and Hadow, with Lord Francis 
Douglas and three guides, succeeded in reaching the summit, but in the descent 
Mr. Hudson lost his footing, and all save Mr. Whymper and two guides, who 
escaped by the breaking of the rope, were precipitated to a depth of four 
thousand feet towards the Matterhorn Glacier. The ascent is now made 
several times annually. The rock has been blasted at the most difficult points 
and a rope attached to it. 

130 



RIGI-KULM, SWITZERLAND. The Rigi Mountain, five thousand nine 
hundred and five feet above sea level, or four thousand four hundred 
and seventy-two feet above Lake Lucerne, is not one of the highest 
mountains of Switzerland, but the beautiful and extensive view commanded 
from the Kulm, or summit, makes it one of the most popular. The famous 
Riggenbach cog-wheel railway brings travellers up to the Kulm, a small, bate 
space, whence the eye takes in a panorama of three hundred miles in circuit. 
Immediately below lie the lakes of Lucerne and Zug, their shores lined with 
picturesque little towns. Eight other lakes, including a bit of Zurich, may be 
counted in the distance. Snow-capped mountains — the Jungfrau, the Wetter- 
horn, the Schreckhorn, the grand snow-covered peaks of the Bernese Alps and 
countless other peaks of lesser note — stretch away on every side to the horizon. 
The railway ujd the mountain is of ordinary gauge. Along the centre runs a 
cogged track, into which a cog-wheel on the locomotive works, thus giving the 
power for the ascent. In going down the brakes are worked by atmospheric 
pressure. The construction of this five miles of line, which in its ascent over- 
comes about one mile of altitude, cost about $300,000. 

132 



THUN, SWITZERLAND. One of the most picturesque of Swiss towns is 
Thun, which is charmingly situated on the banks of the river Aar, three- 
quarters of a mile below its efflux from the lake. Many of the town's 
buildings are very old. The Castle of Zahringen-Kyburg, whose large square 
tower forms a noted feature of the landscape, dates from 1182. The principal 
street is curious. In front of the houses projects a row of warehouses and 
cellars, on the flat roofs of which is the pavement for foot passengers, flanked 
with the shops. The view here presented is taken from the pavilion in the 
Bellevue Grounds, which overlooks the city, and commands the old-fashioned 
town, the lake, the Alps and the Valley of the Aar. 

134 



JUNGFRAU FROM INTERLAKEN, SWITZERLAND. The town of 
Interlaken, as its name indicates, is situated between two lakes (Brienz 
and Thun), in a valley about three miles wide, on either side of which 
rises a ridge of precipitous mountains six thousand feet high. The great 
attraction of the place is not the scenery either way along the valley, but a 
view that is caught through a depression in the mountains on the southern 
side, revealing the Jungfrau (" Young Maiden ") Mountain and her attendant 
galaxy of noble Alpine peaks, rearing their snow-crowned heads far above the 
horizon. The Jungfrau is the most imposing eminence in all the Bernese Alps. 
Surrounded by stupendous precijjices, her surface is broken by valleys, ravines 
and glaciers, which from a distance look like creases in the mantle of snow 
that covers her enormous flanks. The first ascent of this mountain was made 
on August 3d, 1811. 

136 



CURSALON, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. This handsome structure, in the 
Italian renaissance style, was put up in 1865-67. With its surrounding 
gardens, it forms one of the most attractive spots in the city. Concerts 
are given here on Sundays and Thursdays, when large crowds are always sure 
to attend. 

138 



CATHEDRAL, MILAN, ITALY. The Milanese look upon this church 
as the eighth wonder of the world. In truth, it is a marvelous edifice. 
" Gothic art," as Taine says, " here attains its triumph and its extrav- 
agance." Nowhere else is it so pointed, so complex, so highly embroidered, 
so full of delicate detail. It differs from most Gothic cathedrals in being 
built, not of dark stone, but of beautiful, lustrous white Italian marble. 
Begun in 1386, it was not fully completed until 1805, at the direction of Napo- 
leon. The design is said to be taken from Monte Rosa, one of the loftiest 
peaks of the Alps. Its ninety-eight sculptured pinnacles, rising from every 
part of the body of the church, certainly bear a striking resemblance to the 
splintered ice crags of Savoy. Next to St. Peter's, at Rome, and the Cathe- 
dral at Seville, this is the largest church in Europe, covering, as it does, an 
area of fourteen thousand square yards. 

140 



PANORAMA OF VENICE, ITALY. No city in the world is more fasci- 
nating than Venice. Its very situation makes it unique, built as it is 
on a cluster of small islands, a hundred or more in number, in the lagoon 
of the same name. A long, narrow sand-bank, divided by several inlets, sep- 
arates the lagoon from the Adriatic. The largest of the islands is the Isola di 
Eialto, which gives its name to the famous bridge. The Grand Canal winds 
through the city in a double curve, like the letter S, and divides it into two 
unequal parts. The one hundred and forty-six smaller canals and a perfect 
network of small streets and bridges form the other thoroughfares. The 
splendid churches, the vast treasures of art and the magnificent palaces, remind 
one of the glories of the past, and fill the present with a surpassing beauty. 
By the fifteenth century Venice had become the greatest republic in Europe 
and the focus of its commerce. The immense wealth of its merchant princes 
enabled them to gratify their artistic sense in the superb monuments still 
extant. 

142 



ST. MARK'S, VENICE, ITALY. This famous cathedral church is a 
strange jumble of all styles of architecture, Christian as well as Sara- 
cenic, yet both without and within breathing a rich and wonderful 
harmony. The present building, dedicated in 1085, takes the place of an 
older and simpler structure, that was destroyed by fire in 976. In front of 
the church, to the southwest, rises the Square Campanile, surmounted with the 
figure of an angel. To the east of the church the famous Piazzetta, or " Little 
Square." extends to the Grand Canal, glorified by the Palace of the Doges, or 
ancient rulers of the city, which some architects look upon as the finest build- 
ing in the world. It is from this Piazzetta that the picture is taken. The 
square in front of St. Mark's is the grand focus of attraction in Venice, and 
in summer nearly the entire population congregate here. 

144 



GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY. This is the main thoroughfare of 
the city of the sea. On either side of its serpentine length it is lined by 
marble-fronted palaces, whose very names awaken a thrill of historic 
or romantic recollection. Gondolas dart up and down among the waters, and, 
alas! the disillusionizing modern steamboat puffs its vicious way through the 
complaining waters. About half-way in its course the canal is crossed by the 
famous Rialto bridge, a single arch of unique and elegant construction, 
seventy-four feet in length, resting on twelve thousand piles. This was built 
in 1588, subsequent therefore to the period of Venice's greatest glory. The 
ancient Rialto, which Shakespeare speaks of as the meeting place of the mer- 
chants, was not this bridge, but the Exchange which used to go by the same 
name, and was long the centre of trade and commercial life in this city. 

146 



rpHE DOGE'S PALACE, VENICE, ITALY. At right angles to the Pi- 
azza San Marco, at the south-east end, runs the Piazzetta or little square, 
whereon is situated the former residence of the Doges, an ancient seat of 
government. Ruskiu calls this " the principal work of Venice." Originally 
built in 800, five times destroyed and as many times rebuilt in a style of greater 
magnificence, the present structure dates from the fourteenth century. It is 
in the Moorish-Gothic style. The form is an irregular square; the west side, 
facing the Piazzetta (two hundred and thirty feet in length), and the south 
side, facing the sea (two hundred and twenty feet in length), are flanked by 
two colonnades, one above the other, with exquisite traceries. The mouldings 
of the upper colonnade are especially rich. The interior court of the build- 
ing presents a wilderness of elegant columns, cornices, arches, carvings, sculp- 
tures and bas-reliefs. A magnificent collection of Venetian paintings is housed 
within these walls. On the east side the palace is connected with the prisons 
by the so-called Bridge of Sighs, which owes most of its fame to Byron's senti- 
mentality. 

148 



fflPI*4^t 







CATHEDRAL AND LEANING TOWER OF PISA, ITALY. The 
Cathedral of Pisa, begun in 1063, and consecrated in 1118, forms, with 
its Baptistery and Campanile, the most singular group of buildings 
in the world. Their beauty is equal to their singularity. The church itself 
is constructed entirely of white marble, with black and colored ornamentation. 
An elliptical dome covers the centre. The facade, adorned in the lower story 
with columns and arches, and in the upper story with four open galleries, is 
of exquisite and dainty beauty. So, likewise, is the Baptistery, a circular 
structure, surrounded by half columns below and a gallery of small, detached 
columns above, the whole crowned by a conical dome. But the strangest 
effect of all is produced by the Campanile, better known as the Leaning Tower, 
from the fact that it is thirteen feet out of the perpendicular. That this obliq- 
uity was accidental and due to the sagging of the foundations is now generally 
agreed. Aside from this peculiarity the Campanile would arrest attention by 
its winsome grace. 

150 



PONTE VECCHIO, FLORENCE, ITALY. There is no more pictur- 
esque bridge in the world than this. It spans the river Arno at a point 
■where tradition asserts that a Roman predecessor used to exist. Cer- 
tain it is, that bridges were built here and repeated^ demolished before Taddeo 
Gaddi erected the present structure of three arches. It is flanked by shops, 
which have belonged to the goldsmiths and jewelers since the fourteenth cen- 
tury, and is still the centre of their trade. Above the roofs of these shops 
runs the gallery of the Grand Duke, built as a secret passage between the 
Uffizi and the Pitti Palaces. The bridge itself might easily be mistaken for 
a continuous street by the stranger, except for the vacant space over the cen- 
tral arch, which gives a glimpse of the city and the river on each side. 

' 152 " 





P| g - T IT "^ S^^"*^^ » -*?* • 




Ill 



PALAZZO VECCHIO, FLORENCE, ITALY. The ancient capital of the 
Republic of Florence, and subsequently the residence of Cosmo de' Medici, 
is known as the Palazzo Vecchio, or Old Palace. Begun in 1298, it is 
a striking example of the Florentine castles of the Middle Ages, with its enor- 
mous projecting battlements and its disproportionate bell tower, defiantly stuck 
upon the walls without regard to symmetry, and almost overhanging the bat- 
tlements. It is situated in the Piazza della Signoria, the historic, as well as 
the commercial, centre of Florence. The court is adorned with a fountain 
and sculptured columns. In front of the entrance is Bandinelli's group of 
Hercules and Cacus. At right angles to the left is the Loggia dei Lanzi, an 
open arcade, famous for its own beauty and for the sculptured master-pieces 
which it enshrines. A large and elegant fountain is on the right. 

154 



/CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE, ITALY. This is generally known as 
I the Duomo or Dome, though its official designation is Santa Maria del 

Fiore. Arnolfo di Cambio began it in 1298; he was succeeded by 
Giotto, and the dome was added by Brunelleschi. The latter is not only beau- 
tiful in itself, but is interesting as the first of the great domes of the modern 
world. A half-finished facade was destroyed by fire, and the deficiency was 
not supplied until 1875-1884. The interior is impressive, though almost en- 
tirely devoid of ornamentation. Outside the church, to the left, is the Cam- 
panile, an exquisite work by Giotto; so exquisite that Charles V declared it 
ought to be kept in a glass case. In front is the Baptistery, an octagonal 
building, surmounted by a dome. It was begun in 1352 and finished in 1358. 
Its chief attraction lies in the bronze doors, especially those by Lorenzo 
Ghiberti, which Michael Angelo eulogized as worthy to be the gates of 
Paradise. 

156 



THE CAPITOL, ROME, ITALY. Anciently, the Capitoline Hill, in Rome, 
was surmounted by the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and the citadel 
of the city. Hence, here was the head of the Roman state and the 
shrine of their religion. But temple and citadel have vanished and in their 
place is a group of buildings erected by Paul III from the designs of Michael 
Angelo. On the right is the Palace of the Conservatori, on the left the 
Museum of the Capitol and between the two, occupying the third side of tho 
square, is the Palace of the Senator, a modern Roman patrician with that title. 
The photograph shows the best approach to the square up the grand stair-case, 
known as La Cordonnata, which in its present form dates from 1736. At the 
foot of the stairs are two Egyptian lions, and at the summit, on the angles of 
the balustrades, two ancient colossal statues of Castor and Pollux, standing by 
the sides of their horses. These were found in the sixteenth century. In the 
centre of the square is the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. 

158 



CASTLE OF ST. ANGELO, ROME. Originally this famous structure 
was built by the Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his 
family. The same emperor also erected the bridge now known as St. 
Angelo — anciently as the Pons iElius — which crosses the Tiber opposite the 
castle. Tradition affirms that Gregory the Great in 589 changed the name in 
memory of a vision of the Archangel Michael, who appeared to him standing 
on the summit of the mausoleum. He built a chapel on the summit, but sub- 
sequently this was replaced by the statue still extant. During the Middle 
Ages this was the fortress of Papal Rome, and its history at that period is 
bound up in the history of the city itself. It has also served as a prison, and 
part of it was up to recent times still used for that purpose. It has suffered 
much from sieges and the ravages of time, and is now but the skeleton of the 
magnificent pile erected by Hadrian. No vestige remains of the shell of 
Parian marble which encircled it, while the statues were torn off to be used as 
missiles against the Goths, and later as cannon balls. 

160 



ST. PETER'S, ROME, ITALY. This is the largest and most magnificent 
of all Christian temples. It is built on the supposed site of the burial- 
place of St. Peter. As early as A. D. 90 an oratory was raised on the 
spot ; in 306 this was followed by a basilica. The present edifice was begun 
in 1506, and after employing the talents of Bramante, Michel Angelo and other 
architects, was dedicated by Urban III in 1626. The magnificent dome was 
mainly the work of Michael Angelo, though his plan was somewhat modified 
by Giacomo della Porta. The imvjressive colonnades, which almost encircle 
the square and lead up to the front, were added in 1667. The facade is con- 
fessedly a failure. But nothing can mar the beauty of this extraordinary 
edifice. Although it occupies some two hundred and forty thousand square 
feet, the interior, from its exquisite proportions, does not at once impress the 
beholder with a sense of its vastness. That grows upon one by degrees. The 
Vatican, which adjoins St. Peter's, is an equally enormous and beautiful build- 
ing, which comprises the residence of the popes, an astounding museum of 
pictures and statues and a library of unexampled historic interest. 

162 



I^HE COLOSSEUM, ROME. This mammoth ruin, originally known as 
the Flavian amphitheatre, is the most magnificent relic of ancient Rome, 
Begun by Vespasian in A. D. 72, it was dedicated by Titus in A. D. 80. 
and was subsequently added to by Domitian. As the circus of the public 
games for nearly four hundred years, it was the scene of gladiatorial conflicts 
and of the persecution of the Christian martyrs. After the triumph of 
Christianity it fell into neglect, and suffered continuous spoliation as a quarry 
for the material of new buildings. Finally, in 1750, Benedict XIV rescued it 
in its present condition by dedicating it to the memory of the Christian 
martyrs who had suffered therein. A cross in the middle of the amphitheatre 
is continually visited by the pious. "As it now stands," says Forsyth, "the 
Colosseum is a striking image of Rome itself, decayed, vacant, serious, yet 
grand, half gray and half green, exact on one side and fallen on another, 
with consecrated ground in its bosom." Hillard calls it " a great tragedy in 
stone." It was originally built to seat ten thousand spectators. There were 
three orders of architecture used in the four stories ; the first, Doric ; second, 
Ionic ; third and fourth, Corinthian. In each of the lower tiers there were 
eighty arches. The height of the outer wall was one hundred and fifty-seven 
feet, the circumference one thousand six hundred and forty-one feet, the entire 
superficial area being six acres. 

164 



THE PANTHEON, ROME. This is one of the grandest, as it is the most 
perfectly preserved, of all the ancient monuments of Rome. Except for 
the ridiculous belfries superimposed by Bernini on the outside, it is to- 
day substantially in the same condition as when Marcus Agrippa in B. C. 27, 
after the establishment of universal peace, consecrated it to all the gods. In 
A. D. 608 it was dedicated as a Christian church by Pope Boniface IV, under 
the name of Santa Maria ad Martyres. The portico is of faultless beauty, 
and the interior, as the picture shows, is a perfect rotunda, impressive in its 
grand simplicity. The domed ceiling is lighted solely by an aperture twenty- 
three feet in diameter, the wall being supported by a huge bronze ring. An 
additional interest for moderns lies in the tombs of Raphael, Caracci and 
other painters who are buried therein, and more recently the remains of 
Victor Emmanuel have been added to those of the artistic brotherhood. 

166 



TOMB OF CECILIA METELLA, ROME, ITALY. The Via Appia of 
ancient Rome was one of the great avenues leading out from the city, 
and the principal line of communication with the South. It is named 
after Appius Claudius Caecus, the censor, who began its construction in B. C. 
312. L T nder Pius IX the ancient road was once more laid open. To-day it 
presents the appearance of an avenue, eleven Roman miles in length, lined on 
each side by ruins, mostly of magnificent tombs, which were built by the patri- 
cian families of ancient Rome to the memory of their dead. The best preserved 
of these is the tomb of Cecilia Metella, the wife of Crassus, a circular tower 
seventy feet in diameter, resting upon a quadrangular base. The battlements 
upon it are mediaeval additions, made for the purpose of defense by the Caetanis. 

168 



FORUM ROMANUM, ROME, ITALY. The ancient Forum of Rome 
exists only in ruins. That it lay at the foot of the Capitoline and Pala- 
tine Hills in Rome is certain from the remnants that survive. But the 
exact area it occupied and the true situation of the various buildings which 
once covered it are matters of dispute and uncertainty. Conspicuous among 
the ruins are three beautiful Corinthian columns of white marble belonging 
to the temple raised to Vespasian by Domitian ; eight granite columns belong- 
ing to the Temple of Saturn, a beautiful fragment, consisting of three Corinth- 
ian columns with a rich entablature, a solitary column which Byron calls, 

The nameless column with a buried base, 
but whose now excavated base reveals that it was erected to the Emperor 
Phocas, the arches of Septimus Severus and of Titus, and a profusion of 
columns, jmvernents, foundations and walls of other structures. 

170 



BAY OF NAPLES AND MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY. Naples, in 
itself one of the least interesting of Italian cities, attracts the attention 
of the tourist by its transcendent beauty of situation and by the historical 
and picturesque interest of its surroundings. The Bay of Naples is the most 
glorious spot in the Mediterranean. Its circuit is more than fifty-two miles, 
including the islands of Ischia, at the north-west, and of Capri, at the south 
entrance. At its opening, between these two islands, it is fourteen miles broad, 
and from the opening to its head, at Portici, the distance is fifteen miles. On 
the north-east shore, east of Naples, is an extensive flat, whence rises Vesuvius, 
the most famous of European volcanoes, at the base of which are several villages 
and the classic sites of Herculaneum and Pompeii. The Italian proverb, "See 
Naples and die," is a tribute to the beauty of the city and its environment. 

172 



POMPEII, ITALY. The volcanic eruption -which overwhelmed Pompeii 
on August 24th, A. D. 79, has afforded us our most important, indeed, 
almost our only source of acquaintance with the domestic life of the 
ancient Komans. To be sure it represents one definite epoch of antiquity only, 
that of the glories of the early empire when Pompeii became the favorite 
retreat of Romans of the wealthier classes. But the study of the various 
phases of life at this epoch forms a pursuit of inexhaustible interest. The 
ashes from Vesuvius completely covered over the town to the depth of about 
twenty feet until the year 1748, when the accidental discovery of some statues 
led to the excavations. They have been continued up to the present time, 
and will not be completed for half a century more. 

174 



ACROPOLIS, ATHENS, GREECE. This famous building, at once the 
citadel, the sanctuary, the treasury and the museum of art of the 
ancient Athenian people, crowns the summit of the rocky height which 
abruptly rises three hundred and fifty feet out of the plain in the midst of the 
city, inaccessible on all save the western side. The walls, built on the edge 
of the perpendicular rock, form a circuit of nearly seven thousand feet. 
These are of immense antiquity. They were founded by the Pelagians, and 
the work was continued by Themistocles, Cyrnon, Valerian, and later, by the 
Venetians and the Turks. Here are the remains of three temples, the Temple 
of Victory, the Erechtheum and the Parthenon, the latter the architectural 
glory of Athens, the only octastyle Doric temple in Greece, and in its own 
class the most beautiful building in the world. It was built in the time of 
Pericles, and was once adorned with masterpieces of sculpture of which it was 
long ago plundered. 

176 



THE BOSPHORUS, FROM CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY. No city 
in the world occupies a more magnificent natural position than the 
capital of Turkey. It is made up of three cities, each distinct and dif- 
ferent from the others. Stamboul, the old city, lies upon a tongue of laud of 
triangular shape, having the sea of Marmora on the south, the Bosphorus on 
its eastern apex and the Golden Horn on the north. Its seven hills are 
crowned with domes and minarets and fantastic houses, backed by the dark 
foliage of the cypress and other trees in the cemeteries beyond the walls. To 
the north is the European quarter, Galata being the business centre, while 
Pera is studded all over with the splendid residences of the foreign ambassa- 
dors, &c, and lined along its shores with the palaces and gardens of the 
Sultan and the adjoining mosques. Skutari, the Asiatic quarter of Constan- 
tinople, is on the eastern side of the Bosphorus. Nowhere else is there a 
picture so bright, so varied in outline, so gorgeous in color, so heterogeneous 
in its component parts. 

178 



I^HE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY. 
This is the principal place of Mahommedan worship in the world. 
Anciently a Christian temple, built in 532 by Justinian, it was converted 
into a Moslem mosque in 1453 by Mohammed II, the conqueror of Constan- 
tinople. The building is in the form of a Greek cross, two hundred and sev- 
enty feet long by two hundred and forty-three wide, surmounted by a flattened 
dome one hundred and eighty feet high, with several smaller domes and min- 
arets. The style of architecture is Byzantine. The exterior is not as imposing 
as the interior, which even now is rivaled by few Christian churches, and at 
the time of its erection made this masterpiece of Byzantine architecture the 
greatest temple in the world. Well may Justinian have exclaimed: "I have 
surpassed thee, O Solomon !" The changes made by the Moslems are greater 
inside than out. In the interior the mosaics have been partially covered up 
and replaced by inscriptions from the Koran, but there is no structural change. 
Outside most of the older annexes have been swept away and replaced by 
Turkish buildings, lofty minarets rise at each corner, and the crescent replaces 
the cross on the dome. 

180 



THE SPHINX, EGYPT. This unique monument, situated near Cairo, in 
the neighborhood of the Pyramids, is one of the most characteristic and 
probably the oldest of Egyptian remains. As such it is the oldest 
monument in the world. Recent researches show that it is more ancient than 
even the Pyramid of Cheops. Originally it was a recumbent figure, represent- 
ing an andro-sphinx, or man-headed lion, one hundred and eighty-eight feet 
nine and one-half inches in length, hewn out of the solid rock. Steps led 
down to its front, where there was a sanctuary and tablets. But the sands 
covered all save the head, shoulders and back, which rose from the surrounding 
desert with a startling and almost fearsome abruptness. In this condition the 
monument was allowed to remain for centuries. But more recently excavations 
have been started to restore it to its pristine state, and before long the entire 
colossal figure will be bared to view. 

182 



PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, EGYPT. Gizeh is about twelve miles from 
Cairo. It contains the largest and most famous of those mysterious 
sepulchral monuments known as Pyramids, which the ancient Egyptians 
were fond of raising. Three of these are especially famous — -the Great Pyramid 
called the " Splendid," which is the mausoleum of Cheops, and is four hundred 
and fifty feet nine inches high ; the scarcely inferior Pyramid of Chepheren, 
and the Pyramid of Mycerinus, which is much smaller. These mountains of 
masonry, built of stones whose huge size perplexes modern engineers to 
account for the method of their handling, were designed by the kings of the 
early Egyptian dynasties as their tombs. Their leading idea was durability, 
and by concealment of the entrance, and tortuous and complicated passages, 
they strove to baffle the vandal. Yet all these tombs have been shamefully 
profaned. 

184 




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RUINS OF KARNAK, EGYPT. Most guide-books advise the traveller 
in Egypt to leave Karnak to the last, as the crown of his explorations. 
It is, indeed, the most marvelous ruin along the Nile. Yet, though in 
ruins, it preserves all its original character. It lies amid the ruins of Thebes. 
It was intended for a temple. But it is not so much a temple as a city of 
temples, of palaces, courts, columns and obelisks enclosed by a great wall of 
circuit about a mile and a half in circumference. The Great Hail alone, 
which is the largest of all the monuments, measures three hundred and 
forty feet by one hundred and seventy. The Temple of Amenophis, here rep- 
resented, is one of the finest of the smaller remains. 

186 



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CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, JERUSALEM. This church, 
situated on a hill called Acra, purports to be built over the site of 
Calvary and the actual tomb of Jesus. Not only that tomb itself, but 
the tombs of Joseph and Nicodemus, the places where the Saviour appeared 
after His resurrection to Mary Magdalene and to Mary, His mother ; where 
Constantine's mother found the true cross, &c, &c, are pointed out to visitors. 
Not everybody accepts the genuineness of the site. But, at least, it was for 
the reconquest of the Holy Sepulchre that the Crusades were instituted, and 
for fifteen hundred years kings and queens, knights and pilgrims have knelt 
and prayed here. The church is a Byzantine structure, which was commenced 
in 1103 A. D., was partly destroyed by fire in 1808, and has since been 
restored. Some parts of it, however, are said to date back to the Empress 
Helena. 

188 




' 



GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, JERUSALEM. No spot in the whole 
world could have more interest for the Christian traveler than the 
Garden of Gethsemane, the scene of our Lord's agony on the eve of 
His crucifixion. It is known that it was a garden or orchard belonging to a 
small estate at the foot of Mount Olivet, somewhere on the east slope of the 
Kedron Valley and about half a mile from Jerusalem. But whether the 
present enclosure which is pointed out as the identical garden be so or not is 
a matter which archfeologists have not yet settled. Certainly, the garden is 
very old and very venerable; its few olive trees date back to an unknown 
antiquity, and it may very well have been extant in almost its present condi- 
tion in the time of Christ. 

190 



RUINS OF BAALBEK, SYRIA. Baalbek— the city of Baal or the Sun, 
the Heliopolis of the Greeks, once famous as the most magnificent of 
Syrian cities, which passed successively under the rule of the Persians, 
Greeks and Romans, was plundered by the Arabs in A. D. 639, by the 
Christians and others during the Crusades, and was finally sacked and dis- 
mantled by the Tartars, under Tamerlane, — Baalbek to-day exists only as a 
mass of ruins ; but its very ruins are of the utmost magnificence. The most 
imposing are the remains of the Great Temple. But the most beautiful is the 
Circular Temple — a semi-circular cella surrounded on the outside by eight 
Corinthian columns. Within there is a double tier of smaller pillars, the 
lower row being Ionic and the upper Corinthian. In modern times, and, 
indeed, up to the present century, this was used as a Greek church, but it is 
now deserted and choked with debris. 

192 



TAJ MAHAL, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. This magnificent mausoleum is 
the glory of Indo -Mussulman architecture. It was built by the Emperor 
Shah Jehan for himself and his favorite wife, Nourmahal, who died in 
■child-birth in 1629. For twenty-two years twenty thousand men were em- 
ployed in its construction, the total cost reaching $16,000,000. Built of white 
marble, it forms a quadrangle of one hundred and ninety square yards, sur- 
mounted by a lofty dome, with smaller domes at each corner and four graceful 
minarets one hundred and thirty-three feet high. The great central hall is 
paved with squares of various-colored marbles, while the walls, tombs and 
screens are ornamented by exquisite mosaic work. The elegance and delicacy 
of the design and the elaborate perfection in every detail of the workmanship 
are alike marvelous. It seems almost like a castle built in a dream, a fabric 
of mist and sunbeams, which would dissolve at a touch. Yet it has resisted 
the encroachments of time and the barbarian despoiler, and has come down to 
our day almost perfect. 

194 



PEARL MOSQUE, AGRA, HINDOSTAN. The very name of the build- 
ing is a tribute to its beauty. It is undoubtedly the most elegant mosque 
of Indian-Mahometan architecture. Although it gives the general im- 
pression of lightness, grace, delicacy, it is by no means a small building. Ex- 
ternally it is two hundred and thirty-five feet east and west by one hundred 
.and ninety feet north and south. The court yard is one hundred and fifty- 
live feet square. The mass is also considerable, as the whole is raised on a 
terrace of artificial construction, by the aid of which it stands well out from 
the surrounding buildings. Its chief beauty consists in its court yard, which 
is wholly of white marble from the pavement to the summit of its domes. The 
interior is a bewildering maze of columns of exquisite proportions. 

196 



EL CAPITAN, YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. The Yose- 
ruite Valley is one of the most marvelous natural parks in the world. 
About nine miles in length and from three-quarters of a mile to a mile 
and a quarter in width, it is sunk almost a mile below the level of the surround- 
ing country. High granite walls rise sheer and inaccessible on each side. 
Cataracts of the wildest and strangest beauty abound. Flowers of every hue 
cover the ground. Where all is wonderful it might seem hard to select. Yet 
by common consent the surpassing feature of the valley scenery is the great 
cliff, known as El Capitan or The Captain. " It is doubtful," says Professor 
J. D. Whitney, "if anywhere in the world there is presented so squarely cut, 
so lofty and so imposing a face of rock." Not indeed that it is the highest of 
the gigantic brotherhood. Its three thousand three hundred feet are exceeded 
in its own vicinity by over thousands of feet. But no other rock, here or else- 
where, has so majestic and awe-compelling a presence. 

198 



BIG TREES, CALIFORNIA. Rigid scientists call these trees Sequoia 
gigantea. In England they are sometimes known as Wellingtonia, in 
America as Washingtonia. But the pride of science and of patriotism 
have had to bow to the will of the populace, which has been satisfied with the 
simpler and therefore more energetic title of Big Trees. They are confined to 
the western portion of the California range, occurring in detached groups or 
groves at an altitude of from four thousand to five thousand feet above the 
sea. Some of these vast vegetable columns are upwards of thirty feet in 
•diameter, and from three to four hundred feet in height. One of the trees in 
the Mariposa Grove, represented in the accompanying engraving — some 
twenty-five feet in diameter — stands directly arching the roadway, and a min- 
iature tunnel has been cut through it which admits of the passage of a four- 
Jhorse stage coach. 

200 



GEYSERS, YELLOWSTONE PARK, WYOMING. The Geyser region 
in the Yellowstone occupies some thirty square miles. Within this com- 
paratively limited area is a most stupendous exhibition of hot springs, 
water geysers, mud geysers and steaming caldrons of boiling water. No two 
of the geysers are alike. The Groito simply churns and makes a great noise. 
The others go off at various intervals; some every hour, some all the time 
and some once a month ; some on alternate days, yet the day they are active 
going over ninety minutes. Nor is their style of action the same. Some play 
with labored pumping, others throw an unbroken stream; some wear them- 
selves out in a continuous effort, others subside only to recommence again 
repeatedly. An eruption may extend from two to twenty minutes, the approxi- 
mate time occupied by the Grand, or even to one hour and twenty minutes, a 
period that the Giant has been timed to play. The Grand is the largest 
geyser in the world, shooting a vast column of water over two hundred feet 
into the air. 

202 



GRAND CANON, YELLOWSTONE PARK. The Yellowstone Park 
is one of the great natural marvels of the world. Within a compass of 
one hundred square miles there are here gathered the loveliest valleys, 
the grandest canons, the most marvelous mountains, lakes, rivers, springs and 
cascades. In addition there are all sorts of natural phenomena : Sulphur 
mountains, a mud volcano, petrified forests and over ten thousand active 
geysers, hot springs, salfataras and boiling pools. Greatest of all the sights is 
the Grand Canon, a ravine varying in depth from one thousand to two thou- 
sand feet. The shelving sides of precipitous crags slope down, presenting an 
endless variety of form and color, until they meet as the bed of the Yellowstone 
River, which flings itself impetuously along to meet the lake. " A great gulch 
let clown into the eternities," such is the opinion of De Witt Talmage on this 
miracle of nature. 

20i 



CLIFF-DWELLINGS, NEW MEXICO. Cliff-dwellers is the name given 
to more or less savage people in the past who inhabited dwellings built 
on projections from the face of cliffs, or cut out of the solid rock. Some- 
times the. houses are four stories high, and divided into many rooms. Often 
they are not to be distinguished from the rest of the cliff. Such dwellings are 
found in various parts of the world, but nowhere are they so abundant and so 
interesting as in Arizona, New Mexico and California. It is generally sup- 
posed that the American cliff-dwellers were the ancestors of the Pueblo Indians. 
In some respects the cliff-dweller appears to have been better off than his- 
modern descendants; the canon walls sheltered him from cyclones and the 
overhanging shelves of rock protected him from attack from above. A series 
of cliff villages, lining the walls of Walnut Canon, in Northeastern Arizona, 
for a length of five miles, was discovered in 1884. 

206 



MASONIC TEMPLE, CHICAGO. For a long time it was held that 
Philadelphia had the finest Masonic Temple in the world. Now that 
honor belongs to Chicago. But it has only belonged to it since 1890, 
when the gorgeous new building was begun at the corner of State and Ran- 
dolph Streets. The site measures one hundred and seventy feet on State Street 
and by one hundred and fourteen on Randolph. Every inch of this space is 
covered by the building, whose twenty stories tower up to the height of two 
hundred and sixty-five feet. It rests on cement and iron foundations, and its 
superstructure is of steel. The first three stories are faced with red granite 
from Wisconsin, the remainder with gray brick that is indistinguishable from 
the granite. An immense granite arch in the centre of the State Street front 
forms the entrance, and opens into an interior court, faced from bottom to top 
with different colored marble. The first eleven stories are fitted up for shops, 
from the eleventh to the sixteenth inclusive are business offices, while above the 
sixteenth floor everything is devoted to Masonry. 

208 



NIAGARA FALLS. The most stupendous cataract in the world is that 
formed in the Niagara River, four miles below Grand Island. Here 
the current begins to grow narrow and develops into rapids, which 
continue for about a mile, with a descent of fifty-two feet, until the river 
plunges over a mighty chasm. Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract, 
divides it into two sheets of water — -the Horse-shoe, or Canadian fall, with a 
descent of one hundred and fifty-eight feet, and a width of about twenty-six 
hundred and forty ; and the American fall, one hundred and sixty-two to one 
hundred and sixty-nine feet deep, and about one thousand wide. The volume 
of water thus precipitated is about fifteen million cubic feet a minute. Nearly 
nine-tenths of this passes over the Canadian fall. For some distance below 
the Falls there is still water, the mass which has hurled it-self into the abyss 
sinking and only reappearing two miles below, where the whirlpool rapids 
begin. 

210 



THE THOUSAND ISLANDS, CANADA. This, the largest group of 
river islands in the world, lies in an expansion of the River St. Law- 
rence at its emergence from Lake Ontario. New York State is on one 
side and the Province of Ontario, Canada, on the other. The name is not an 
exaggeration. On the contrary, the group consists of about fifteen hundred 
rocky islands, remarkable for their great and varied beauty. They are of all 
shapes and sizes, some just peeping above the surface of the waters, others ex- 
tending several miles in length, some wild and bare and rocky, others covered 
with the most luxuriant foliage. Hence, a trip through the St. Lawrence 
River at this point is full of the most bewildering vet enchanting surprises. 

212 



VICTORIA BRIDGE, MONTREAL, CANADA. Montreal is situated 
on the south side of the island of the same name, at the confluence of 
the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence Rivers. To connect it with the main- 
land the Victoria Bridge was thrown across the St. Lawrence. Work was 
begun in 1854. In 1860 the bridge was formally opened by the Prince of 
Wales during his tour through Canada and the United States. This is one of 
the greatest triumphs of engineering and architectural skill. The total length 
is nearly two miles, or, to be exact, nine thousand one hundred and ninety- 
four feet. It rests upon twenty-four piers and two abutments of solid masonry. 
The central span is three hundred and thirty feet long. 

214 



1 



rpHE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C. A stately and magnificent 
building devoted to both branches of Congress — the Senate and the 
House of Representatives — as well as to the United States Supreme 
Court and the Library of Congress. It stands upon an eminence commanding 
a beautiful view of the city, and itself forms the most impressive feature in 
the landscape. The centre building of freestone is flanked by two wings, 
mainly of marble, and crowned by an iron dome, painted white. From the 
ground to the top of the nineteen-foot Statue of Liberty, which surmounts the 
dome, is three hundred and seven and a half feet; the diameter of the dome 
is one hundred and thirty-five and a half feet. Thus only four domes in Europe 
can surpass it: St. Peter's at Rome, St. Paul's in London, St. Isaac's in St. 
Petersburg, and the Invalides in Paris. The building covers an area of about 
three and a half acres. Its total cost has been over $13,000,000. The corner- 
stone was laid by Washington in 1792. The marble extensions were begun in 

1»51. 

216 



THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D. C. As the official residence 
of the President of the United States, this mansion has a unique interest. 
It is not in itself, however, a pretentious or imposing structure. Yet it 
has some elegance in its very democratic simplicity. Built of freestone, like 
the original Capitol, and painted white like that, its color has given it its name. 
The model which the architect had in view was the Palace of the Duke of 
Leinster in London, and he has followed his prototype very closely. The 
corner-stone was laid in 1792; the building was first occupied by President 
John Adams in 1800 ; it was burned by the British in 1811, and restored and 
re-occupied in 1818. Since that time there have been staccato clamors for a 
more magnificent entourage for the chief executive officer of the United States, 
but nothing further has been accomplished. 

218 



INDEPENDENCE HALL, PHILADELPHIA. This plain, but sub. 
stantial brick building, which stands on Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, ia 
ever memorable as the birthplace of the American republic. Here the 
General Assembly of Pennsylvania gave way to the Continental Congress. 
Here George Washington was elected commander of the American forces 
(June, 1775). And here, on July 4th, 1776, the Declaration of Independence 
was adopted by Congress. Eour days later it was read from before the build- 
ing to an excited and exultant multitude. The halls have been restored as 
far as possible to their original condition ; the east room, where the Declaration 
was signed, is ornamented with portraits of the signers and the west room is a, 
museum of revolutionary and other relics. The famous Liberty Bell, which 
was rung as a signal to the people that the Declaration had been adopted, 
is now suspended under the tower in full view of the public. The building 
dates *'om 1729-34. 
m 220 



THE EAST RIVER BRIDGE, between New York City and Brooklyn, 
more familiarly known as the Brooklyn Bridge, is a massive suspension 
bridge, the largest in the world, which connects New York with Brook- 
lyn. Its colossal towers and ponderous cables loom up conspicuously before 
the stranger who approaches New York from the riverside. Begun in 1870, it 
was opened for traffic May 24th, 1883, at a total cost of $15,000,000. The 
whole length of the bridge is five thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine 
feet. From high water mark to the floor of the bridge is one hundred and 
thirty-five feet. The 'central span (itself measuring one thousand five hundred 
and ninety-five and a half feet) is suspended to four cables of steel wire, 
each fifteen and three-quarter inches in diameter. The width of the struc- 
ture is eighty-five feet, which includes a promenade for foot passengers, two 
roadways for vehicles, and two railway tracks on which run passenger cars 
propelled bv a stationary engine from the Brooklyn side. 

222 



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